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Christophe Blaison

MCF - HDR

christophe.blaison@u-paris.fr

017-653-3021

 

Bureau n°3045

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christophe_Blaison

 

Thèmes de recherche

My main research interest is focused on how individuals and groups regulate social distance in physical space. How does the social or symbolic distance between individuals or groups translate into physical distance? For example, how do we choose where to live between several neighborhoods in a city, or which seat to pick on the underground, or with whom to sip our coffee at the conference break? The central idea is that we try to match the symbolic distance we hold between individuals (including ourselves) or groups in our head, with the physical distance between people in real life. Accordingly, when navigating between people in physical space, we form affective representations of this physical space including zones around people or objects to avoid or to approach. Together with my colleagues we are developing a theory of affective judgment in spatial context that explains in detail how this kind of representation forms. Culture being a major provider of normative symbolic meaning about people, social groups and objects, we currently study how the symbolic distances dictated by culture cause individuals or groups to also regulate social distance in the physical space.

Other research interests:

Impression formation about groups
Judgment about the status of group members
Context effects (assimilation and contrast)
Affect, emotions
Social cognition, implicit social cognition
Social psychophysiology

 

Bourses et contrats de recherche

2021 – 2024       ANR-DFG projet franco-allemand en sciences humaines et sociales, SPACEFORCE: Affective force fields in urban spaceChristophe Blaison (PI), Tobias Schröder (PI, Allemagne), Théodore Alexopoulos (530.000,00 €)

2021 – 2024    Financement de thèse CIFRE (Convention Industrielle de Formation par la REcherche), Améliorer l’expérience de mobilité des usagères :Jugements affectifs et mobilité à l’intérieur du réseau SNCF en fonction de l’identité de genre, accordé à Raphaël Adamczak par la SNCF au sein de SNCF au Féminin et du Lab’ Mass Transit, et au sein du LPS (Université de Paris) sous la direction de Christophe Blaison (36 mois).

2021     IdEX Université de Paris: Émergence en recherche 2020. Toward a computational model of the affective representation of social scenes. Christophe Blaison (coordinateur), Tobias Schroeder (University of Applied Sciences, Potsdam, Allemagne) (17.000,00 €)

2020 – 2023       ANR inSER (Insights into social exclusion responses: the cognitive underpinnings of anti- and pro-social behavior). Marie-Pierre Fayant (PI), Christophe Blaison, Cristina Aelenei, Theodore Alexopoulos, Rainer Greifeneder, Dominique Muller (258.000,00 €)

2019 – 2022    Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research grant (UH 431077921); A walk through the park: Understanding emotional mimicry in an ecological context; Ursula Hess (coordinatrice, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Allemagne), Christophe Blaison (€ 120.000,00).
2016-2019 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research grant (BL 1280/1-1); “How Do Threatening Locations Alter People´s Feelings and Interactions with Others in the Surroundings? A Psychophysiological Study in the Lab”; Christophe Blaison (PI), Ursula Hess, & Ottmar Lipp (31.781,00 €).

2012 Förderprojekte der Humboldt-Universität Gemeinschaft; „Reduktion der Schmerzwahrnehmung bei älteren Personen – empirische Evaluation der Rolle tierischer Begleiter als soziale Unterstützung“; Christophe Blaison (PI) & Jens Nachtwei (800,00 €).

2011 – 2012    DAAD (German academic exchange service). Emotion comprehension and subjective well-beingUrsula Hess (coordinateur pour l’Allemagne, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Allemagne), Konstantinos Kafetsios (coordinateur pour la Grèce, University of Crete, Grèce), Christophe Blaison (€ 17.700,00)

2011-2012 Förderprojekte der Wolfgang Köhler Zentrum Stiftung. „Konflikt am Arbeitsplatz, im Labor nachgemacht“ (Une étude en laboratoire d´un conflit au travail). Ursula Hess (PI) and Christophe Blaison (PI) (15.000,00 €)

2009 (Déclined.) Bourse de Recherche Post-Doctorale Clemens Heller. « Affective Misattribution Procedure : Simple priming and/or genuine misattribution effect “ (15.300,00 €)

2004-2007 Doctoral research grant from the French Department for Youth, Education and Research (N° 13477 – 2004) “On the Validity of the Implicit Association Test to Measure the Implicit Self-Concept” (45.000,00 €).

2003-2004 (obtenue mais déclinée) Master’s Degree research grant from the French Department for Youth, Education and Research, “Which one is the best: Self vs Other IAT or Single Category Self-IAT?” (3.780,00 €).

 

Edition

2019 –             Associate editor. International Review of Social Psychology (IRSP)

2021 – 2023    Consulting editor. European Journal of Social Psychology (EJSP)

 

Autres responsabilités

Président du Comité d’Éthique de la Recherche SH & Sciences d’Université Paris Cité

Publications

– Articles dans des revues à comité de lecture

Mauersberger, H., Sringer, A., Fotopoulou, A., Blaison, C., & Hess, U. (2024). Pet dogs succeed where human companions fail: The presence of pet dogs reduces pain. Acta Psychologica (249)

Dametto, D., Vieira, L., Schröder, T., & Blaison, C. (2023). Charlemagne’s Legacy: A Consensus Analysis of Affective Meanings in French and German Culture. Social Psychology Quarterly, 01902725231205855. https://doi.org/10.1177/01902725231205855. (PsycINFO, Scimago-Scopus : Q1 Social Psychology)

Kobylińska, D.***, Lewczuk, K., Wizla, M., Marcowski, P., Blaison, C., Kastendieck, T. M.**, & Hess, U. (2023). Effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies in dealing with weak and strong negative emotion: self-report, heart rate variability, and electromyography data. Nature – Scientific Reports (PsycINFO, Scimago-Scopus : Q1 Multidisciplinary, IF 2021 = 4.99)

Davis, J., Coulson, S., Blaison, C., Hess, C., & Winkielman, P. (2022). Mimicry of partially occluded emotional faces: Do we mimic what we see or what we know? Cognition and Emotion. (PsycINFO, Scimago-Scopus : Q1 Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, IF 2021 = 2.72)

Hess, U., Rychlowska, M., Storz, T.,Blaison, C., Fischer, A., & Krumhuber, E. G. (2022). Bridging the empathy gap: Or not? Reactions to ingroup and outgroup facial expressions. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, 6(1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-022-00097-w (PsycINFO, Scimago-Scopus : Q3 Experimental and Cognitive Psychology).

Kaufman, M., Alexopoulos, T., & Blaison, C. (2022) Emotional norms for personality-trait words. (PsycINFO, Scimago-Scopus : Q3 Psychology, IF = 1.11)

Blaison, C. (2022). Affective judgment in spatial context: Orienting within physical spaces containing people and things. Social and Personality Psychology Compass [social cognition section], e12653. (PsycINFO, Scimago-Scopus : Q1 Social psychology, IF 2021 = 3.80)

Kastendieck, T., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., Ghalib, J., & Hess, U., (2020). Laughing at funerals and frowning at weddings: Top-down influences of context-driven social judgments on emotional mimicry. Acta Psychologica.

Blaison, C., Kastendieck, T. M., Ramadier, T., & Hess, U. (2019). Hotspots and borders interact in people’s affective perception of the environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 65, 1-10.

Blaison, C., Gebauer, J. E., Gollwitzer, M., Schott, F., Kastendieck, T. M., & Hess, U. (2018). On the combined influence of attractive and unattractive locations on the surroundings. Environment and Behavior, 50, 947-974.

Dufner, M., Brümmer, M., Chung, J. M., Drewke, P. B., Blaison, C., & Schmukle, S. C. (2017). Does smile intensity in photographs really predict longevity? A replication and extension of Abel and Kruger (2010). Psychological Science, 29, 147-153.

Blaison, C., Fayant, M.-P., Hess, U. (in press). Contrast effect in spatial context: Robustness and practical significance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.

Blaison, C., Gollwitzer, M., & Hess, U. (2017). Effects of “hotspots” as a function of intrinsic neighborhood attractiveness. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 57-69.

Hess, U., Blaison, C., & Dandeneau, S. (2017). The impact of rewards on empathic accuracy and emotional mimicry. Motivation and Emotion41, 107-112.

Hess, U., Arslan, R., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., Dufner, M., Denissen, J., & Ziegler, M. (2017). Reliability of surface facial electromyography. Psychophysiology54, 12-23.

Hess, U., Kafetsios, K., Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., & Kessler, C.-L., (2016). Signal and noise in the perception of facial emotion expressions: From labs to lifePersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin42, 1092-1110.

Blaison, C., & Hess, U. (2016). Affective judgment in spatial context: How places derive affective meaning from the surroundings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 47, 53-65.

Hess, U., Blaison, C., Kafetsios, K. (2016). Judging facial emotion expressions in context: The influence of culture and self-construal orientation. Journal of Non-verbal Behavior, 40, 50-64.

Mauersberger, H., Blaison, C., Kafetsios, K., Kessler, C.-L., & Hess, U. (2015). Individual Differences in Emotional Mimicry: Underlying Traits and Social Consequences. European Journal of Personality, 29, 512-529.

Blaison, C., Imhoff, R., Hühnel, I., Hess, U., & Banse, R. (2012). The affect misattribution procedure: Hot or not? Emotion12, 403–412.

Gana, K., Lourel, M., Trouillet, R., Fort, I., Mezred, D., Blaison, C., Boudjemadi, V., K’Delant, P., & Ledrich, J. (2010). Judgment of riskiness: Impact of personality, naive theories, and heuristic thinking among female students. Psychology & Health25, 131-145.

Gana, K., Blaison, C., Boudjemadi, V., Mezred, D., K’Delant, P., Trouillet, R., Lourel, M., Fort, I. & Baginski, E. (2009). De quelques prédicteurs de l’anxiété face à la retraite. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement. Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement41, 260-271.

Blaison, C., & Gana, K. (2007). Évaluation de deux modes de construction des SC-IATs (Single Category Implicit Association Test) de personnalité : Une étude dans le domaine de la masculinité/féminité. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale20, 89-122.

Blaison, C., Chassard, D., Kop, J. L., & Gana, K. (2006). L’IAT (Implicit Association Test) ou la mesure des cognitions sociales implicites ? Revue critique de la validité et des fondements théoriques des scores qu’il produit. L’Année Psychologique106, 305-335.

Mezred, D., Petigênet, V., Fort, I., Blaison, C., & Gana, K. (2006). Réminiscence: Concept, fonctions et mesure. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale71, 3-14.

– Chapitres d’ouvrage

Blaison, C., (2018). Représentation Affective de l´Environnement et Contexte Spatiale. In T. Ramadier (Ed.), Ebook Cartotête 2017.

Gana, K., Blaison, C., & Boudjemadi, V. (2012). The effects of semantic meaning and valence of the self-concept attributes on traditional self-concept IATs and SC-IATs scores. In K. Gana (Ed.), Psychology of self-concept. New-York: Nova Publishers.

 

Communications

– Orales et affichées dans des colloques nationaux et internationaux

Dametto, D., Ziqiao, Z., Vieira, L., Schröder, T., & Blaison, C. (2024) How does LLMs combine information to form impression of social events? [Communication affichée]. EADM Summer School 2024 – LLMs in Behavioral Science, Potsdam, Allemagne.

Vieira, L., Dametto. D., Alexopoulos, A., Schröder, T., & Blaison, C. (13 July 2024). Au delà de la valence des lieux: mieux comprendre le jugement affectif en contexte spatial à l’aide des dimensions de puissance et d’activité [Paper presentation]. 15ème Congrès International de Psychologie Sociale, Bruxelles, Belgium.

Noël, T., Blaison, C., Dametto, D., Dardenne, B., Schröder, T., & Vieira, L. (13 July 2024). La Répartition des Catégories Sociales dans un Espace Partagé : Influence des Connotations Affectives Culturelles [Paper presentation]. 15ème Congrès International de Psychologie Sociale, Bruxelles, Belgium.

Dametto, D., Vieira, L.***, Blaison, C., & Schröder, T. (2023) EACIS Emergent Affective Configuration of Identities in Space [Communication orale]. Social Simulation Conference 2023, Glasgow, Scotland.

Dametto, D., Vieira, L.***, Blaison, C., & Schröder, T. (2023) Are feminine roles and identities really perceived to be better and less potent than their masculine counterparts? [Communication affichée]. 19th General Meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Krakow, Poland.

Adamczak, R.**, & Blaison, C. (2023). Gender identification, affective states, and behavioral tendencies: the impact of Person Environment Fit on gendered mobility [Communication affichée]. 19th General Meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Krakow, Poland.

Adamczak, R.**, Vieira, L.***, & Blaison, C. (2023). Les déterminants spatio-affectifs de la mobilité genrée : Influence du P-E fit et de la Peur du Crime sur la perception affective et les tendances comportementales des usagers SNCF. [communication orale]. 6ème édition du Colloque Jeunes Chercheurs et Jeunes Chercheuses (CJC), Toulouse, France.

Vieira, L.***, Adamczak, R.**, Guimier, M.*, Delaunet, P.*, & Blaison, C. (2023). Do More Intense Social Threats Fade Away Quicker with Increasing Physical Distance [Talk] 19th General Meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology. Krakow, Poland.

Mauersberger, H.*, Blaison, C., & Hess, U. (2022). If the person next to you smiles shortly after you do, I’ll be faster in detecting your smile : Evidence for backward affective priming of emotional facial expressions [Communication affichée]. Society for Psychophysiological Research 2022 Annual Meeting.

Adamczak, R.**, Guimier, M.*, Delaunet, P.*, Blaison, C. (2022). Perception du déclin d’une menace avec la distance en fonction de l’intensité de cette menace. [Communication orale]. Congrès International de Psychologie Sociale (CIPS), Bordeaux, France.

Guimier, M.*, Delaunet, P.*, Adamczak, R.**, Blaison, C.. (2022). More intense social threats fade away quicker with increasing physical distance [Communication affichée]. 2022 Annual Convention of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Francisco, États-Unis.

Blaison, C. (2021). Affective judgment in spatial context: Orienting within physical spaces containing people and things. Conférence EASP dans le symposium Psychology of Places.

Blaison, C. (2021). Jugement affectif en contexte spatial : s’orienter dans des espaces contenant des personnes et des choses. Conférence invitée dans le cadre de la 2ème édition des “Journées de la Cognition Sociale,” organisées par l’Institut de Recherche en Sciences Psychologiques de l’Université de Louvain à Louvain-la-Neuve et l’ADRIPS, Belgique.

Blaison, C. (2021). Processus affectifs et agencement des personnes et des choses dans l’espace physique [Communication orale]. Conférence Cartotête, Genoa, Italie.

Blaison, C. (2020). Attitude toward places in spatial context. Paper presented at the EASP 2020 conference, Krakow, Poland.

Kastendieck, T.M, Blaison, C., Mauersberger, H., Ghalib, J., & Hess, U. (2020). Laughing at funerals and frowning at weddings: Emotional scene information moderates emotional mimicry. Paper presented at the CERE Conference Granada 2020, Granada, Spain.

Kastendieck, T.M, Blaison, C., Mauersberger, H., Ghalib, J., & Hess, U. (2020). Laughing at funerals and frowning at weddings: Emotional scene information moderates emotional mimicry. Paper presented at the EASP 2020 pre-conference, Krakow, Poland.

Blaison, C., Imhoff, R., & Kastendieck, T. M. (2019). One Group member’s status moderates people’s impression of the whole group. Paper presented at the 21th ESCON Transfer of Knowledge Conference, Bordeaux, France.

Blaison, C. (2019). Façonner les déplacements grâce aux champs de force affectifs. Paper presented at the Journée Scientifique RV-Psy, Université Paris Descartes, Paris.

Kastendieck, T. M., Blaison, C., & Hess, U. (2019a). Affective judgment in spatial context: Laboratory results for self-report and psychophysiological measures. Poster presented at ICPS 2018, Paris.

Kastendieck, T.M, Blaison, C., & Hess, U. (2019b). Affective  Judgment in Spatial Context: Toward a Contribution to Embedded Social  Cognition. Paper presented at the 2019 Conference of the Australasian  Society for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Newcastle, Australia.

Blaison, C. (2019). Affective judgment in spatial context: A simulation with artificial neural networks. Poster presented at ICPS 2018, Paris.

Blaison, C. (2018). The effect of group members’ likability and status on the impression of groups. Paper presented at the 12ème Congrès International de Psychologie Sociale en Langue Française, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve.

Blaison, C. (2017). Représentation affective de l´environnement et contexte spatial. Paper presented at the Cartotête 2017 annual meeting, Strasbourg, France.

Blaison, C. (2017). Evaluative judgment in spatial context: How do places derive affective meaning from the surroundings? Paper presented at the 59th TeaP Conference, Dresden, Germany.

Blaison, C. (2016). Affective Judgment in Spatial Context: How places derive affective meaning from the surroundings. Paper presented at the 50th DGPS Meeting, Leipzig, Germany.

Hess, U., & Blaison, C. (2016). Blocking Mimicry – Or not? Poster presented at SPR 2016, Minneapolis, US.

Gollwitzer, M., Hannuschke, M., & Blaison, C. (2016). Are early adolescents more or less sensitive to angry facial expressions? Paper presented at the 2016 SRA Biennial Meeting, Baltimore, US.

Blaison, C. (2015). Affective Judgment in Spatial Context: When the Self is in da Place. Poster presented at the 15. Tagung der Fachgruppe Sozialpsychologie, Potsdam, Germany.

Blaison, C., Hess, U., van Lent, T., Edreva, D., & Fischer, A. (2015). My competitor’s tears make me smile: Facial mimicry and counter-mimicry of out-group expressions. Paper presented at the ISRE Pre-Conference 2015, Geneva, Switzerland.

Blaison, C., & Hess, U. (2015). Affective judgment in spatial context. Poster session presented at the ISRE Conference 2015, Geneva, Switzerland.

Hess, U., Blaison, C., van Lent, T., Edreva, D., & Fischer, A. (2015). My competitor’s tears make me smile: Facial mimicry and counter-mimicry of out-group expressions. Poster presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Seattle, WA, September 30 – October 4.

Blaison, C., Mauruscha, J., Semin, G., & Hess, U. (2013). The Influence of Social Group and Interpersonal Context on Facial Mimicry. Poster session presented at SPSP 2013, New-Orleans, US.

Blaison, C., Strauss, C., Hareli, S., & Hess, U. (2013). People do not mimic what they see but what they understand. Poster session presented at SPR 2013, Florence, Italy.

Blaison, C., Shlomo, H., Strauss, C., & Hess, U. (2012). Imitating eyes: Mimicry of emotions shown in the eyes. Poster session presented at the CERE Emotion Conference 2012, University of Kent, UK.

Blaison, C. Krewel, A., Herzberg, P., & Hess, U. (2011). Mimicry of 3D stereoscopic Emotional facial expressions. Poster session presented at SPR 2013, Boston, US.

Blaison C., Banse, R., & Gollwitzer, M. (2010). An implicit measure of aggression based on the hostile attribution bias in ambiguous facial expressions. Paper presented at the XV. Aggression workshop, Bonn, Germany.

Blaison C., Imhoff, R., & Banse, R. (2010). The Affect Misattribution Procedure: Hot or not? Paper presented at the 52. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TEAP), Saarbrücken, Germany.

Imhoff, R., Banse, R., & Blaison, C. (May, 2009). An inkblot for prejudice? A normative analysis of the Affective Misattribution Procedure as an implicit measure. Paper presented at the V PhD Meeting in Social and Organizational Psychology, Lisbao, Portugal.

Blaison, C., & Gana, K. (2008). The malleability and contextualization of anxiety IATs. Paper presented at the European Social Cognition Network Conference. International School for Advanced Education, Volterra, Italy.

Blaison, C., & Gana, K. (2008). L’IAT (Implicit Association Test) et la mesure implicite de la personnalité : une tentative de contextualisation de la mesure dans le domaine de l’anxiété. Poster presented at the 18 èmes Journées Internationales de Psychologie Différentielle. University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Blaison, C. (2007). Investigation of potential moderators of the implicit-explicit consistency. Paper presented at the European Association of Personality Psychology Summer School on Implicit Measures of Personality. Bertinoro, Italie.

Blaison, C. (2005). Adaptation indirecte du BSRI grâce au SC-IAT. Poster presented at the Congrès de la Société Française de Psychologie. University Nancy 2, France.

Blaison, C., & Gana, K. (2004). Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure affectivity trait versus state. Poster presented at the 12th European Conference on Personality. Groningen Universty, Groningen, Belgium.

– Séminaires et conférences invitées

Blaison, C.  (2023). Les distances dans l’espace des connotations affectives d’Osgood prédisent les distances physiques attendues entre diverses identités sociales. Conférence invitée dans le cadre de la 3ème édition des  “Journées de la Cognition Sociale,” organisées par le laboratoire de psychologie sociale et cognitive (LAPSCO) de l’Université Blaise Pascale, Clermont-Ferrand et l’ADRIPS, France.

Blaison, C.  (2023, 15 septembre). Affective judgment in spatial context: Orienting within physical spaces containing people and objects. Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale (UNILAPS), Université de Lausanne, Suisse.

Blaison, C.  (2023, 25 août). Affective judgment in spatial context: Orienting within physical spaces containing people and objects. Laboratoire de Psychologie et de Neuroscience Cognitives (PsyNCog), Université de Liège, Belgique.

Baudin, G., & Blaison, C.  (2022, 13 avr). Traits de personnalité schizotypiques et évaluation affective des concepts sociaux. Réunion des Centres Experts FondaMental Schizophrénie.

Vilarem, E., & Blaison, C.  (2022, 3 avr). Les émotions, du labo à la ville : vers une prise en compte du sensible dans la conception des espaces. Forum des Sciences Cognitives à la Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie, Paris.

Blaison, C. (Spring 2021). Jugement affectif en contexte spatial. Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions (LPC), Université de Strasbourg, France.

Blaison, C. (Spring 2021). Integrating Theories of Assimilation and Contrast. Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale (UNILAPS), Université de Lausanne, Suisse.

Blaison, C. (2020, February). Affective judgment in spatial context. Laboratoire de psychologie et d’ergonomie appliquée (LAPEA), Université de Paris/Université Gustave Eiffel, Paris, France.

Blaison, C. (2019, February). Affective force fields in geographical spaces. Laboratoire de psychologie sociale : menaces et société (LPS), Université Paris Descartes, France.

Blaison, C. (2019, February). Affective force fields in geographical spaces. Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris Nanterre, France.

Blaison, C. (2019, January). Affective judgment in spatial context. University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Urban Futures, Potsdam, Germany.

Blaison, C. (2018, April). Affective judgment in spatial context: Implications for socio-spatial segregation. Institut für Psychologie, Fernuniversität Hagen, Hagen, Germany.

Blaison, C. (2016, November). Affective judgment in spatial context. Institut für Psychologie, Sozial- und Rechtspsychologie, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

Blaison, C, & Hess, U. (2016, October). Cultural traits affect facial emotion perception as a function of the social context. Institut für Psychologie, Sozial- und Rechtspsychologie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Blaison, C. (2015, December). Relative judgment in spatial context: How places derive affective meaning from the backdrop of other places. Laboratoire de psychologie sociale : menaces et société, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.

 

Enseignements

  1. Introduction to social psychology
  2. Self, social identity and the consumer society
  3. The science of social influence
  4. Implicit social cognition
  5. Cultural psychology
  6. Advanced research methods in psychology
  7. Behaviour and attitude change